Degrees in Psychology

The field of child psychology studies the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors affecting children from infancy through adolescence. Child psychologists find employment as counselors, therapists, advisors, and researchers. While most positions require at least a master’s degree, these specialists must hold a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree to obtain state licensure to practice in a clinical setting.

The largest area of specialization for psychologists, clinical psychology covers all aspects of assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. Licensed clinical psychologists who generally hold doctoral degrees will find the best career opportunities, entering well-paying positions in healthcare or mental health organizations, schools, government and nonprofit agencies, or private practice.

Counseling psychology provides applications that help individuals, families, and groups deal with personal issues, emotional and behavioral challenges, and mental disorders. The minimum qualifications for employment in the field include a master’s degree and completion of supervised clinical practice hours. While some counselors may operate their own private practice, most find positions at healthcare and mental health organizations, schools, government agencies, and businesses.

Developmental psychology offers insights for understanding the changes and challenges experienced across the lifespan. Specialists in this field treat developmental disorders related to specific stages of life, from childhood to old age. Although developmental psychologists typically need a Ph.D. and state licensure to provide patient services, bachelor or master degree-holders may find employment in social work and counseling fields.

Licensed educational psychologists apply their training to improve learning outcomes for diverse groups.These professionals often work with exceptional children or adults with autism, ADHD, or dyslexia. A doctorate constitutes the preferred educational credential for this field, especially for careers as professors and researchers. However, depending on licensing requirements, graduates with a bachelor’s or master’s may find employment as behavioral analysts, guidance counselors, or special education assistants.

The criminal justice and legal systems increasingly rely on applications from the field of forensic psychology. Psychologists trained in forensics may provide mental health assessments in trials, prisons, and rehabilitation facilities, offer expert testimony in civil and criminal cases, and assist in criminal investigations. Most forensic psychology positions require at least a master’s degree, in addition to state licensure and professional certifications.

This field explores the psychological, social, and biological factors that impact mental and physical health, preparing graduates to enter fields as varied as pain management, behavior assessment, and community and public health. Health psychologists should hold at least a master’s degree and a state-issued clinical license. An undergraduate degree, while offering fewer career options, may lead to employment as a mental health counselor or rehabilitation specialist.

One of the fastest growing fields in the discipline, industrial/organizational psychology applies psychological theories and techniques in work environments to improve employee performance, satisfaction, and safety. Although some bachelor degree-holders may enter the field in training and facilitating positions, most industrial psychologists have earned an advanced degree, equipping them with the training they need to conduct research, testing, and assessments. I/O psychologists often serve in consulting roles addressing issues like leadership development, team-building, and workplace diversity.

This branch of psychology examines how human thoughts, beliefs, and behavior shape and are shaped by applied or imagined interactions with others. Social psychologists explore topics such as prejudice and implicit bias, interpersonal conflict, bullying, and group dynamics, and apply their knowledge in industry, government, social services, and educational settings. Most careers in social psychology require a doctorate, with an emphasis on research and assessment.

Sports psychology develops applications that help athletes overcome mental challenges in order to achieve their full potential. Sport psychologists administer skills assessment and counseling to their clients or conduct research on the psychological factors that affect performance. While most clinical and counseling positions require a doctorate, graduates with bachelor’s or master’s degrees may pursue careers as recreational therapists, athletic trainers, and motivational consultants.